Tezos Governance
Tezos is a self-amending blockchain network which incorporates an on-chain mechanism for proposing, selecting, testing, and activating protocol upgrades without the need to hard fork.
The self amendment process is split into 5 periods: Proposal Period, Exploration Vote Period, Testing Period, Promotion Vote Period, and Adoption Period. Each of these four periods lasts five baking cycles (i.e. 20,480 blocks or roughly 14 days, 5 hours), comprising roughly 2 months and 10 days.
Should there be any failure to proceed for a period, the whole process reverts to the Proposal Period, effectively restarting the whole process.
The Tezos amendment process begins with the Proposal Period, during which bakers can submit proposals on-chain. The baker submits the proposal by submitting the hash of the source code.
In each Proposal Period, bakers can submit up to 20 proposals. A proposal submission also counts as a vote, which is equivalent to the number of rolls in its staking balance at the start of the period. Other bakers can then vote on the proposals by during the Proposal Period up to 20 times.
At the end of the Proposal Period, the network counts the proposal votes and the most-upvoted proposal proceeds to the Exploration Vote Period. If no proposals have been submitted or if there is a tie between proposals, a new Proposal Period begins.
In the Exploration Vote Period, bakers may vote on the top-ranked proposal from the previous Proposal Period. Bakers get to vote either "Yay", "Nay", or "Abstain" on a specific proposal. "Abstain" just means to "not vote" on a proposal. As in the Proposal Period, a baker's vote is based on the number of rolls in its staking balance.
At the end of the Exploration Vote Period, the network counts the votes. If voting participation (the total of “Yay,” “Nay,” and “Abstains”) meets the target, and an 80% majority of non-abstaining baker approves, the proposal proceeds to the Testing Period.
The voting participation target tries to match the exponential moving average of the past participation rate. If the voting participation fails to achieve the target or the 80% supermajority are not met, the amendment process restarts to the beginning of the Proposal Period
If the proposal is approved in the Exploration Vote Period, the Testing Period begins with a testnet fork that runs in parallel to the main network for 48 hours. These forks have access to the standard library, but are sandboxed.
This Testing Period is used to determine whether a proposal is a worthy amendment to the protocol. The testnet fork ensures the upgrade does not corrupt the blockchain network, should the upgrade be adopted, the network would continue making valid state transitions.
At the end of the Testing Period, the Promotion Vote Period begins. In this period, the network decides whether to adopt the amendment based on off-chain discussions and its behavior during the Testing Period. As in the Exploration Vote Period, bakers submit their votes using the ballot operation, with their votes weighted proportionally to the number of rolls in their staking balance.
At the end of the Promotion Vote Period, the network counts the number of votes. If the participation rate reaches the minimum quorum and an 80% supermajority of non-abstaining bakers votes “Yay,” then the proposal is activated as the new mainnet. Otherwise, the process once more reverts back to the Proposal Period. The minimum vote participation rate is set based on past participation rates.
See the full details of the governance process.
The Adoption Period provides a "cool-down" allowing developers and bakers some additional time to adapt their code and infrastructure to the upgrade based on the results of the Promotion Vote Period.
